Emmergence of the Life on Earth
The Miller-Urey Experience
In 1953 Stanley L. Miller , an American biologist , became famous thanks to his Miller-Urey experiment , on the chemistry of the origins of the life on Earth in the original ocean , named soup
This experience enabled him to prove that on Earth , towards 4.3 billion years ago , the original ocean contained the necessary chemical elements for the creation of proteins and DNA , the constituents of the life
He put methane , ammonia and hydrogen in a flask filled with water and heats it up to the boiling point
By the mean of a condensation column , the vapors pass then into a second balloon where they are permanently bombarded by flashes produced by electric arcs
At the end of one week , organic compounds appear , of which 2% are amino acids , base of all the protein chains , therefore potentially of the life
We know today that the primitive atmosphere of the Earth was not that of this experience , but these results triggered a great deal of research
Research on the emergence of the life on Earth
Critics arrived immediately on this theory , saying that the amino acids could have originated from a contamination , but these results were corroborated three years later by new experiments
Five years later, in 1958, Miller realized a new experiment using other gases, notably hydrogen sulphide
He recreated then closer conditions to those which exist near the volcanoes , but did not have time to re-analyze the results
The compounds created by the experiment were kept in his laboratory and were found at his death , fifty years later
In 2008 , thanks to the mass spectrometry , the analysis of these compounds allowed the discovery of twenty-two amino acids necessary for the life and the assurance that they could well be created in the primitive soup of the Earth
Since then , many researches have reinforced and completed the theory of the appearance of the life on Earth in the original soup
The role of the sulfur , the electrolysis and the magnetic field in the creation of amino acids , are the steps towards the life
The Original Soup
It is still unclear what chemical elements were present in the Earth’s atmosphere and water towards 4.5 billion years ago , but we have now a good idea about it
The Earth’s atmosphere was made by numerous elements sent by the Sun , comets and meteorites , to which are added the elements produced by the intense volcanic activity
We should have then :
Hydrogen , methane , ammonia , carbon dioxide , nitrogen , potassium , magnesium , sulfur and of course vaporised water
These elements have been slowly deposited in the water creating the primordial soup
In this warm soup , the precipitated elements could evolve towards the living
From the soup up to the cell
If you wish that the soup will be good , you have to turn it …
This is what the Earth has done with its magnetic field
The magnetic field of the Earth generated a current in this original soup but also attracted in this current , by magnetization , its various components
The gathered components attracted preferably the flashes of lightning , creating a quasi-permanent electrolysis
The transformations have then begun up to generate the amino acids , constitutive elements of the proteins and of any living organism on Earth
Then combinations of elements created coherent assemblies , the coacervates
Coacervate comes from the Latin :
Coacervare which means to gather , to put in group
It is a spheroidal droplet of suspended particles
The coherence of the droplet in the current is ensured by the magnetic magnetization of its non-soluble components
The coacervates measure 1 to 100 micrometers diameter and are spontaneously formed in this soup
Then they capture other molecules that will allow them to create a flexible membrane that will be closed on its components
The coacervates driven by the current , will continuously continue their catching of new components by osmosis
After a certain time , the coacervate which has accumulated too much material becomes too large until tearing its envelope
It will then split in two to and form a new coacervate separated from the initial coacervate
Thanks to the high concentration of compounds in the original soup , the new coacervate will in turn enrich itself with the free compounds floating in the magnetic current
Alexandre Oparine , who studied the coacervates , discovered that in the presence of catalysts , the coacervates exchanged substances with the outside world , then enlarged and will be multiplied
Hence the importance of the magnetic field , which will serve as a trap for components , as a container , as a catalyst and as an activator
From the cell up to RNA
Increasingly populations of molecules more and more complex , will then populated the coacervates
At this stage , the molecules can bind together according to sequential patterns ordered and thus form chains by polymerization called PolyA
Thus , thanks to the harvest in the primitive soup of nitrogenous bases , sugar ( ribose ) and phosphate
( inorganic pyrophosphate ) , the primitive RNA molecules will be formed
These intakes stabilized the RNA molecules
The RNA , ribonucleic acid , is a molecule containing 1 strand composed by a chain of nucleotides
A nucleotide is an organic molecule composed of a nitrogenous base , a sugar and one to three phosphate groups
This stranded configuration allowed the RNA to fold back on itself and thus certain complementary sequences could be linked together
These looped folds gave it a better resistance against the degradation and the possibility of replication by the formation of a second strand
New bases will then be sticked by affinity rather than randomly and thus form new RNA’s
Among the new breeders , some of them will have a catalytic activity , and will be able to serve as a support of genetic information , they are the ribozymes
This catalytic activity will give them the ability of
self-replication
RNA able of replication will then proliferate at the detriment of the others ones
The natural selection will then begin
Some RNA’s will be binded with an amino acid , which will protect them from degradation
Increasingly , they will then prefer to be binded themselves
By combining them , they will then form a longer RNA
From the RNA up to the DNA
It is first transformed into a messenger RNA , it is the transcription
Then the ribosomes will synthesize the proteins by decoding the information contained in the messenger RNA , it is the translation
At this stage , the RNA is armed with peptides , polymers or associations of amino acids , which will allow it to create an enzyme that will allow it to make the DNA
This operation , the reverse transcriptase , will , from a single strand of RNA , create a double-stranded DNA molecule
The DNA will then evolve to store the primitive genes and thus be at the origin of all the other molecules of the living
The DNA constituted by a chain of nucleotides will then provide the necessary informations for the synthesis of the proteins
Of course , the first auto-catalytic systems were not as elaborate
But the primitive molecules had the capacity to evolve
The many contributions of new elements have allowed it
And these evolutions are inheritable , because once incorporated into a self-catalytic network , a molecule becomes capable of reproducing
Their auto-catalytic technics have then been perfected until they have reached the technics of DNA replication and the manufacture of the proteins that have characterized for billions of years all living organisms
This universal mechanism is the proof of the common origin of all living organisms
From the DNA up to the prokaryots
The coacervates containing molecules becomes then cells
When the cells containing DNA , a tool that allows them to transmit its characteristics to its offspring , this cell become a bacterium
The prokaryots are primitive bacterias :
They are monocellular organisms
They have colonized all the environments , even the most hostile and they are the most numerous organisms on Earth
The prokaryotic cells contain a single compartment :
The cytoplasm
It contains a circular DNA molecule called nucleoid
They replicate by cell division
In a favorable environment , a bacteria can multiply at a very high speed :
The bacteria population can double every 20 minutes !
The most common prokaryot is Escherichia coli
This bacterium composes about 80% of the human intestinal flora
The majority of E. coli strains are harmless , only a few are pathogenic
But it could be the cause of food poisoning by the consumption of badly cooked or raw consumed animal products
Fresh fruits and vegetables which have been in contact with these strains may also be a risk , hence the need to wash them before consumption
Ring of Life = Prokaryotic phylogenetic tree + Symbiogenetic origins of eukaryotes
Photo Wikipédia CC : Maulucioni
In their evolution , the prokaryots will be divided into 2 groups , arches and eubacterias , and finally becoming eukaryots
The archaeobacteria will colonize the extreme environments because they can survive with very few resources and are adapted to the high temperatures
The eubacterias , close to the current bacterias , are adapted to warmer temperatures and have thus been able to conquer less warmer environments
The archaeas
Archaeas , from the ancient Greek Archaea , signifying the original , are prokaryotic unicellular micro-organisms , made up of a single cell that does not include nuclei or organelles
The Archaea generally have a single circular chromosome which is found into the cytoplasm
A chromosome consists of DNA molecules and proteins
It is the support of the genetic information that will be transmitted from the mother cells to the daughter cells
The archaeas are found in ocean hydrothermal springs , hot volcanic springs and salt lakes
They have also been discovered in the soil , in the sea water , in swamps , in the intestinal flora and even in the human navel
In the oceans , the archaeas are part of the plankton
It is one of the most abundant groups of organisms on Earth
The archaeas are involved in the carbon and nitrogen cycle
The methanogenic archaeas of the human and ruminant intestine participate at the digestion
The bacterias
The bacterias are cells without nucleus or organelles
There are about 10 000 species known up to date , but the estimated number of species would range from 5 to 10 million
The bacterias are present in all types of biotops
They are of considerable importance in biogeochemical cycles , such as the carbon cycle and the fixation of nitrogen in the atmosphere
Inside the human , 1012 species of bacterias colonize the skin 1010 species of bacterias colonize the mouth and 1014 species of bacterias colonize the intestine
There are ten times more bacterial cells than human cells in the human body
There are about 40 million bacterial cells in one gram of soil and 1 million bacterial cells in one milliliter of fresh water
It is estimated that there would be four to six quintillions , or between four and six thousand billions of billions of billions bacterias in the world
Most of these bacterias are harmless or beneficial to the body
However , there are many pathogenic species
The bacterias are involved in the wastewater treatment process , in the manufacture of yogurts or cheese , and in the industrial production of many chemical compounds
In 2007 , a drilling in the Canadian permafrost allowed the discovery of a bacteria which was of toward 500 000 years old and still alive
The pathogen bacterias can cause infections
If some pathogen bacterias cannot survive outside their host others will create an infection by penetrating a wound or by contaminated water , or weakened individuals infected particularly in hospitals
In summary , a bacteria at its place is almost always useful but displaced , it is most often harmful
However , pathogenic bacteria attempting to invade a host will encounter many defense mechanisms
The pathogen bacterias are not pathogen only for the humans and the animals , but also for the plants
This is how the bacterias can replace the pesticides against the plant parasites
The eukaryotic cells
Into the prokaryots , to protect the DNA and isolate it from the environment , the cell will place the chromosome in its cytoplasm
Into the eukaryotic cells , the evolution will create a nucleus and place inside the chromosome
The difference between prokaryots and eukaryots is therefore that the genetic material of the prokaryots is grouped in an area physically not separated from the rest of the cell , whereas for the eukaryots it is contained in an organelle , the nucleus
The eukaryots have thus become multicellular organisms
The eukaryotic cells are delimited by a membrane for the animals or by a wall for the plants
Do not confuse eukaryots with viruses which are acaryots
The acaryots are elements , not cells , that have no nuclei or cytoplasm and can only reproduce by parasitizing a hosting cell
The appearance of the life on Earth
-4.56 billion of years : Earth formation
-4.50 billion of years : Liquid water covers the surface of the Earth , the original soup is ready
-4.30 billion of years : The process of the life begins with the amino acids and the organic carbons
-4.00 billion of years : First prokaryots
-3.50 billion of years : First bacterias
As you can see , it took just a billion of years to go from the original soup up to the multicellular life …
Then it need another 2 billion of years for the explosion of the biodiversity
And then another 1.5 billion of years to arrive at today’s man
The space , the origin of the life on Earth
Although there are still many unanswered questions , we begin to glimpse the origin of the life on Earth
The life appears on Earth probably toward 4.3 billion of years ago
The Earth recovered by the water of the comets that plant themselves on its ground would then inoculate particles able to evolve towards the living
These particles would also have been deposited by the comets
The NASA astrobiologists have detected amino acids on meteorites and comets
Many scientists believe that the first amino acids would have been delivered to us by meteorites or comets and would therefore have been at the origin of the life on Earth , but it is sure that it was the same on other planets
Then the life must also exist on other planets , but not necessarily like as on the Earth
The evolution which may have taken place there is necessarily consequent of the physical conditions of these planets
That means that a small green man or a smart saurian coming from the space are quite plausible
But life can take many other forms
Extracted from EARTH IS THE AIM 7 , Mu and the other worlds
Comments are welcome
See you soon again with a new post
Mysteries revealed in the volume 7
If you are interested in the mysteries of the Earth and of our origins, here are the mysteries revealed in my book :
EARTH IS THE AIM 7 , Mu and the other worlds
In this last volume , all the revelations of the first 6 volumes will join together to form a coherent history :
Our history
First , you will learn everything about the time in all its forms and how it affects the whole universe
It brings us to the history of the Earth , the explanation of the appearance of the life on Earth and the evolution
It brings us also to the story of the human who begins with the Neanderthals that appeared towards -550 000 , and who will already be modern humans towards -500 000 , date of the pre-world of the Hopis
The Hopi legends then describe to us with all details the 4 worlds of about 100 000 years each , the 4th ending at our period
We will see how in the 3rd world , toward -140 000 , the Neanderthals and the Sapiens migrated up to space for a 20 000-year journey
We will see how they return like gods up to the Earth during the 4th world , from -19 338 up to -3500 , which explains the title of this book : EARTH IS THE AIM
We will see the waltz of the continents , different from the place of the continents according to the tectonics of the plates
Indeed , the Earth’s crust , like a skin , folds, relaxes and even sometimes returns to its place , which means that a continent can appear or disappear or return , of course at its time scale
But if plate tectonics takes place on a time scale of 800 000 years , the waltz of the continents takes place on a scale of less than 100 000 years
This causes the appearance and disappearance of continents such as Antarctica , Greenland , Hyperborea , MU , Punt and Atlantis , and whose history you will discover
Finally the time brings us back to the history of the Universe , or rather the Universes , which begin and end in black holes
I got very few detractors , during the 14 years it took me to write this book , out of about 645 000 visitors to date on my blogs and the many readers who have acquired my E-books or my paper books
My response to these detractors has always looked like this :
Hello Sir (or Madam )
Thank you for taking the time to read me
Will you ask yourself these 3 questions :
1 Would you have expressed the same doubts as to the validity of my theory if it had been signed Doctor XYZ , eminent scientist ?
2 What errors or inconsistencies did you find in my theory ?
3 Do you have a better theory to solve this puzzle ?
No one ever answered me …
If you have had the courage to read the 7 volumes of this research saga , you can realize that almost all of the secrets of the Earth and our history have been revealed to you
It was not me who revealed them to you , because the answers are here before our eyes
I only translated them for you
A comment is always welcome for an encouragement , a criticism or to point out to me a lack or an error , always possible
The last time someone reported an error to me I checked it and he was right
In fact the direction I had taken was not the right one and had made me forget important facts
But once these facts were transcribed , the direction to take was going well where I wanted to go
The shortest distance is not always the best …
Have a nice day
Douglas
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Douglas MOONSTONE , French author 